ABP: INGLÉS
"Perú y su herencia cultural"
Tiwanaku Culture
- Grisell Sosa M.
- Marco Rodríguez P.
- Fabrizio Vélez S.
- Enzo Portella I.
- Juan José Senmache P.
- Viviana González R.
- Pedro Pablo Ruiz N.
Grado y sección:
2° Año "D"
Profesora:
Miriam Chayán Zena
Group 2
Grade and section: 2 ° "D"
Teacher: Miriam Chayán Zeña
Members:
Pedro Pablo Ruiz Nizama
Fabrizio Khaleb Velez Sanchez
Grisell Sosa Montenegro
Marco Antonio Rodriguez Pantoja
Manuel Senmache Pacheco
Enzo Tomas Portella Isla
Introduction
The Peruvian culture is a great mixture of components of different ethnic groups that inhabited and inhabit what is currently the territory of Peru, the most important are the aboriginal and Creole or Spanish bloc
A pre-Inca culture that based its economy on agriculture, livestock and architecture.
It is one of the best known cultures since it was the base of the Huari culture, in addition, it is one of the precursors of the Inca Empire.
In this work we will talk about the different research topics on the Tiwanaku culture, this has the purpose of understanding its history, society, economy and knowing our culture.
History
Tiwanaku is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site, and one of the largest sites in South America.
Surface remains currently cover around 4 square kilometers and include decorated ceramics, monumental structures, and megalithic blocks.
The site was first recorded in written history in 1549 by Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León.
There is a hypothesis that the modern name of Tiwanaku is related to the Aymara term, taypiqala, which means "stone in the center '', which alludes to the belief that it is in the center of the world.
Location
The Tiwanaku Polity was a Pre-Columbian polity in western Bolivia based in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku was one of the most significant Andean civilizations. Its influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile and lasted from around 600 to 1000 AD. Its capital was the monumental city of Tiwanaku, located at the center of the polity's core area in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin.
Outside of the core area in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, there were Tiwanaku colonies on the coast of Peru, where highland people imitated Tiwanaku temples and ceramics, and cemeteries in northern Chile with elaborate grave goods in the Tiwanaku style.
Society
The Tiahuanaco culture its society is organized in social classes whose structure was pyramidal in the following way: leaders, priests, administrators, artisans, peasants and shepherds.
We can say that, in this, the Azapa valley was inhabited by the Cabuza groups, which was a society of farmers.
Social estructure
Tiwanaku society was organized into social classes with a pyramidal structure with a hierarchy that included leaders, priests, administrators, artisans and a great mass of peasants and shepherds. At this time, the Azapa valley was inhabited by the Cabuza groups, a society of farmers. In the oases of Atacama, on the other hand, there was a more marked social differentiation, where an elite of Atacameños controlled the important caravan traffic towards the center of the empire.
Religion:
The Tiahuanaco people were polytheistic since they believed in many gods related to agriculture. Their main god was Wiracocha or god of the staff in which the phenomena of nature and all the visible things that were related to their material life were animated. In their rituals of worship and adoration, they consumed hallucinogenic substances such as coca leaves and anadenanthera seeds or the calving consumed in tablets. not much is known about their religion, but some hypotheses suggest that some customs may have been passed down to the Incas.
Economy:
The economy of tiahuanaco was based on livestock, agriculture, it was based on the cultivation of potatoes, and the goose was also cultivated.
Caravans were formed that were used for the exchange of products, commerce, crafts (ceramics, architecture, textiles, sculpture) and fishing. They were great merchants and united, through this activity, to the various peoples or population groups of the mountains, coast and jungle.
Textile and pottery
Ceramic style is very similar between Pukara and early Tiwanaku, and marks the beginning of a common iconography shared throughout the subsequent civilizations and into the Inca. This iconography is represented throughout Andean iconography as some kind of humanistic figure, sometimes bearing warrior clothing, other times bearing heads that appear to be sacrifical.
“These kneeling figures eventually became standing and then evolved into the figures that
dominated the Classic Tiahuanaco and Wari and on into the Inca, when the imagery of ritual
power transferred into statecraft”.
They used materials such as stone and stucco, in relief, bas-relief, and even three-dimensional works, which were part of the architectural ornamentation.
Sources
History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku
Location
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire
Society
Social structure http://chileprecolomino.cl/prehistoria/culturas/norte-arido/tiwanaku-en-el-norte-de-chile/organizacion-social/#:~:text=La%20sociedad%20Tiwanaku%20se%20organizaba,masa%20de%20campesinos%20y%20pastores.b
Religion
https://www.euston96.com/cultura-tiahuanaco/
Textile and pottery https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/32085/Haupt%2C%20Beth%20-%20Tiwanaku%20Ceramic%20Style.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Reflexión final
Esta es una de las culturas de las cuales los incas se influenciaron y pudieron llevar a cabo su gran imperio. Es importante saber esto ya que son culturas de nuestro Perú y aporta a la historia del Perú, sabiendo esto es de suma importancia reconocer que las culturas deben ser estudiadas con detenimiento, incluso se dedican toda su vida a investigarlas y así entenderlas mejor.
Gracias a que investigadores analizan estas cultura, podemos tener un pasado el cual contar y aprender.
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